What is the strongest single experimental result in this library?
The question can’t be answered as posed from the retrieved sources
“Strongest single experimental result” implies a ranked comparison of experimental effects — a hit rate, an effect size, a z-score, the biggest confirmed psi outcome. The sources retrieved for this question do not support that ranking, and I won’t manufacture one. A few clarifications about why:
- There is no structured evidence table for this question. ESP-Nexus answers “which effect is largest / strongest” questions from an audited quantitative ground truth. None was returned here, so I have no closed evidence base from which to name a single strongest experimental result — and I have not measured what share of the library’s experimental results these four retrieved passages represent, so even if one of them reported a large effect I could not call it “the strongest in the library.”
- None of the four retrieved sources is the kind of study that would win such a ranking. Reading them for what they actually report:
| Source | What it actually is | Why it isn’t a “strongest experimental result” |
|---|---|---|
| Streit-Horn, Holden & Smith (2022) [1] | Systematic review of after-death-communication survey research | Reports prevalence (30–35% of people report at least one ADC in their lives) — a population estimate, not an experimental psi effect |
| Watt & Kennedy (2015) [2] | A report on operating a study registry | Methods/infrastructure paper; it argues the strongest evidence comes from registered confirmatory research, but reports no experimental result of its own |
| White (2008) [3] | A personal recollection of Ian Stevenson | Biographical memoir; “strongest cases” there refers to Stevenson’s reincarnation case reports, not an experimental statistic |
| Drinkwater, Denovan & Dagnall (2020) [4] | Correlational/SEM study of sleep phenomena and paranormal belief | Reports correlations among questionnaire measures (the strongest association was auditory/visual hallucinations with sleep measures) — cross-sectional, and its own authors caution it can’t establish causality |
The word “strongest” appears in several of these passages, but in each case it means something different and non-comparable — strongest methodological quality [1], strongest evidentiary design [2], strongest case [3], strongest correlation [4]. These are four different metrics. Pooling or ranking them into one “strongest experimental result” would be exactly the kind of cross-metric comparison the evidence doesn’t license.
What would actually answer this
The site’s synthesis pages point to where the largest experimental psi effects are usually located and debated:
- The ganzfeld / free-response literature is where pooled summaries have reported the most consistently above-chance effects — see Meta-Analysis in Parapsychology, which notes ganzfeld procedures producing the strongest results among free-response designs with no sign of decline over roughly four decades.
- Within Dream Telepathy, the strongest single-study results in the Maimonides series came from the Erwin single-subject studies.
- By contrast, Clairvoyance notes that forced-choice card tests produce tiny per-study effects, ambiguous individually.
If you tell me which paradigm you mean — ganzfeld, precognition, dream telepathy, forced-choice — I can pull the audited quantitative rows for that question and give you an actual figure-by-figure comparison rather than a word that means four different things across four unrelated papers.
References
- Streit-Horn, J., Holden, J. M., & Smith, J. E. (2022). Empirically-Based Best Estimates of After-Death Communication (ADC) Phenomena: A Systematic Review of Research. Journal of Near-Death Studies, 40.
- Watt, C. A., & Kennedy, J. E. (2015). Lessons from the first two years of operating a study registry. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, article 173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00173
- White, K. L. (2008). Ian Stevenson: Recollections. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 22.
- Drinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., & Dagnall, N. (2020). Lucid Dreaming, Nightmares, and Sleep Paralysis: Associations With Reality Testing Deficits and Paranormal Experience/Belief. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00471
More questions answered
- Pool the effect sizes across every ganzfeld study you hold and compare your number to the published Storm and Tressoldi meta-analyses—do they agree?
- Has the effect size for PK data increased in the last 50 years?
- Tell me about the clairvoyance work of the last 50 years
- What trends can you see in precognition research?
- What trends can you see in ESP research in the last 50 years?
- What are parapsychology's current arguments to justify that the phenomena are real and should be taken seriously?